养鸡，如何杜绝乱用药、滥用药！

1、发(fa)现(xian)疾(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)及时确诊，正确用(yong)药(yao)。一(yi)旦发(fa)生疾(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)应立即诊断，查明病(bing)(bing)(bing)因并根(gen)据药(yao)敏试验正确用(yong)药(yao)。一(yi)般(ban)革兰氏(shi)阳性菌对青霉(mei)素(su)(su)、红(hong)霉(mei)素(su)(su)或四环素(su)(su)类药(yao)物敏感，革兰氏(shi)阴性菌对链霉(mei)素(su)(su)、氯霉(mei)素(su)(su)等药(yao)敏感，而(er)链球菌对青霉(mei)素(su)(su)、链霉(mei)素(su)(su)均不(bu)太敏感，青霉(mei)素(su)(su)防治球虫病(bing)(bing)(bing)效果很(hen)差。另外，结合本(ben)场情况(kuang)，对本(ben)场疾(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)治疗效果不(bu)明显的(de)药(yao)物不(bu)要使用(yong)，同(tong)时避免长期使用(yong)同(tong)一(yi)种药(yao)物防治疾(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)。

2、掌握(wo)疾(ji)病(bing)(bing)易发(fa)(fa)时(shi)期，适时(shi)预(yu)防(fang)。用(yong)(yong)药(yao)物(wu)预(yu)防(fang)禽(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)病(bing)(bing)，应(ying)在禽(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)病(bing)(bing)易发(fa)(fa)期前进行，有针对性地(di)预(yu)防(fang)，而不能采用(yong)(yong)长期用(yong)(yong)药(yao)的(de)方法。2周龄以(yi)内的(de)雏禽(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)受白(bai)痢威胁较大(da)，用(yong)(yong)药(yao)防(fang)病(bing)(bing)应(ying)以(yi)白(bai)痢为主，1～5日龄用(yong)(yong)痢特(te)灵拌料，喂一个疗(liao)程(cheng)停(ting)3～5天，再喂一个疗(liao)程(cheng)。3～7周龄禽(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)易患(huan)球虫病(bing)(bing)，特(te)别是地(di)面饲养(yang)更易发(fa)(fa)生。这个时(shi)期可间歇性交替(ti)用(yong)(yong)药(yao)预(yu)防(fang)，笼养(yang)禽(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)转到地(di)面饲养(yang)时(shi)要(yao)做好(hao)球虫病(bing)(bing)预(yu)防(fang)工作。初冬季节呼吸道疾(ji)病(bing)(bing)和大(da)肠(chang)杆(gan)菌病(bing)(bing)易发(fa)(fa)，且(qie)以(yi)中雏和开(kai)产前后的(de)禽(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)发(fa)(fa)病(bing)(bing)为重(zhong)。这时(shi)除(chu)加(jia)强饲养(yang)管理与消毒防(fang)疫外，还(hai)应(ying)注意禽(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)群发(fa)(fa)病(bing)(bing)征(zheng)兆，提前做好(hao)药(yao)物(wu)预(yu)防(fang)。平时(shi)，对零星(xing)死(si)亡的(de)禽(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)也(ye)要(yao)剖检，以(yi)掌握(wo)禽(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)群发(fa)(fa)病(bing)(bing)动态，为药(yao)物(wu)预(yu)防(fang)提供依据。

3、掌握药(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)的(de)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)法、用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)量(liang)(liang)和疗(liao)(liao)程。通(tong)过饮(yin)水(shui)或拌料途径给(ji)药(yao)(yao)，一(yi)定(ding)要(yao)经过预扩散，使药(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)浓(nong)(nong)度(du)均一(yi)，片剂(ji)药(yao)(yao)应(ying)(ying)彻底粉碎(sui)。不易溶于水(shui)的(de)药(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)，如痢特(te)灵，不能结(jie)合饮(yin)水(shui)给(ji)药(yao)(yao)，否则(ze)先饮(yin)到水(shui)的(de)禽因药(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)浓(nong)(nong)度(du)太低达(da)不到治疗(liao)(liao)目的(de)，最后(hou)饮(yin)水(shui)的(de)禽因药(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)过量(liang)(liang)易发生中(zhong)毒。饮(yin)水(shui)给(ji)药(yao)(yao)事先要(yao)断水(shui)，并尽量(liang)(liang)在2～3小时内(nei)饮(yin)完。另外，首次用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)药(yao)(yao)量(liang)(liang)应(ying)(ying)大些，预防疾病用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)药(yao)(yao)量(liang)(liang)一(yi)般为治疗(liao)(liao)量(liang)(liang)的(de)一(yi)半，严禁超量(liang)(liang)投药(yao)(yao)或小剂(ji)量(liang)(liang)长(zhang)期用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)药(yao)(yao)。疗(liao)(liao)程要(yao)根据病情(qing)确定(ding)，急性病疗(liao)(liao)程一(yi)般为3～5天(tian)，症状完全消失可(ke)停药(yao)(yao)；慢性病或疾病预防一(yi)般7天(tian)为一(yi)疗(liao)(liao)程。视实(shi)际情(qing)况可(ke)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)药(yao)(yao)几(ji)个疗(liao)(liao)程，但每(mei)个疗(liao)(liao)程应(ying)(ying)间隔(ge)3～5天(tian)，最好几(ji)种药(yao)(yao)交替使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。

4、注(zhu)意药(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)的质(zhi)量(liang)、副作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)及配伍禁忌(ji)。药(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)质(zhi)量(liang)直接影(ying)(ying)响疾(ji)病治(zhi)疗(liao)效果，过期变质(zhi)药(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)应(ying)严(yan)禁使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。有些药(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)虽然(ran)疗(liao)效好，但副作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)较大，这类(lei)(lei)药(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)应(ying)谨慎使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。如服用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)磺胺(an)类(lei)(lei)药(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)会(hui)降(jiang)低(di)禽(qin)对饲(si)料和水的摄取(qu)量(liang)，降(jiang)低(di)其生(sheng)产(chan)性能；磺胺(an)类(lei)(lei)、呋(fu)喃类(lei)(lei)药(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)以及金霉素(su)(su)等(deng)能使(shi)禽(qin)产(chan)蛋量(liang)下降(jiang)；长期服用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)红(hong)霉素(su)(su)及四(si)环素(su)(su)类(lei)(lei)药(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)会(hui)影(ying)(ying)响禽(qin)体(ti)对钙的吸收。同(tong)时使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)几种(zhong)药(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)应(ying)注(zhu)意它们的协同(tong)与拮抗(kang)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。有些药(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)合用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)会(hui)降(jiang)低(di)药(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)效，如青(qing)霉素(su)(su)或链霉素(su)(su)与氯霉素(su)(su)、磺胺(an)类(lei)(lei)药(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)合用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)四(si)环素(su)(su)与青(qing)霉素(su)(su)合用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，庆大霉素(su)(su)与青(qing)霉素(su)(su)、链霉素(su)(su)、红(hong)霉素(su)(su)、磺胺(an)类(lei)(lei)药(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)合用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，均影(ying)(ying)响药(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)效。

5、降低用(yong)药成(cheng)本，提高(gao)经(jing)(jing)济效(xiao)益(yi)。用(yong)药防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)禽(qin)病(bing)，既(ji)要(yao)考虑治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)疗效(xiao)果，又要(yao)兼顾养(yang)殖经(jing)(jing)济效(xiao)益(yi)。药物虽能防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)疾病(bing)，但(dan)并非控(kong)制疾病(bing)的根本措施，所以必须以防(fang)重于治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)为(wei)原则，加强饲养(yang)管理，做好消毒(du)防(fang)疫工作，配合用(yong)药防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)措施。只(zhi)有这(zhei)样才能有效(xiao)地控(kong)制禽(qin)病(bing)发生，取(qu)得(de)良好的养(yang)殖经(jing)(jing)济效(xiao)益(yi)。